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Regional organization

League of Arab States

جامعة الدول العربية
Jāmiʿa ad-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya

Flag of the Arab League

Flag

Emblem of the Arab League

Emblem
Member states shown in dark green; suspended member states shown in light green.

Member states shown in dark green; suspended member states shown in light green.
Administrative center Cairo, Egypt
Official languages
  • Arabic
Demonym(s) Arabs
Type Regional organization
Members
  • Algeria
  • Bahrain
  • Comoros
  • Djibouti
  • Egypt
  • Iraq
  • Jordan
  • Kuwait
  • Lebanon
  • Libya
  • Mauritania
  • Morocco
  • Oman
  • Palestine
  • Qatar
  • Saudi Arabia
  • Somalia
  • Sudan
  • Syria (suspended) [1]
  • Tunisia
  • United Arab Emirates
  • Yemen
Leaders

• Secretary-General

Ahmed Aboul Gheit

• Parliament Speaker

Ali Al-Daqbaashi

• Council Presidency

Sudan
Legislature Arab Parliament
Establishment

• Alexandria Protocol

22 March 1945
Area

• Total area

 13,132,327 km2 (5,070,420 sq mi)
Population

• 2018 estimate

 406,700,000[2]

• Density

 27.17/km2 (70.4/sq mi)
GDP(nominal) 2021 estimate

• Total

 $2.7 trillion[3]

• Per capita

 $6,600
Currency
  • Algeria Algerian dinar
  • Bahrain Bahraini dinar
  • Comoros Comorian franc
  • Djibouti Djiboutian franc
  • Egypt Egyptian pound
  • Iraq Iraqi dinar
  • Jordan Jordanian dinar
  • Kuwait Kuwaiti dinar
  • Lebanon Lebanese pound
  • Libya Libyan dinar
  • Mauritania Mauritanian ouguiya
  • Morocco Moroccan dirham
  • Oman Omani rial
  • Qatar Qatari riyal
  • Saudi Arabia Saudi riyal
  • Somalia Somali shilling
  • Sudan Sudanese pound
  • Syria Syrian pound
  • Tunisia Tunisian dinar
  • United Arab Emirates UAE dirham
  • Yemen Yemeni rial
Time zone UTC+0 to +4

Website
www.LasPortal.org
  1. From 1979 to 1989, Tunis, Tunisia.
  2. Syrian Arab Republic suspended.

The Arab League (Arabic: الجامعة العربية‎, al-Jāmiʿa al-ʻArabiyya Arabic pronunciation: [al.d͡ʒaː.mi.ʕa al.ʕa.ra.bij.ja] ( About this sound listen )), formally the League of Arab States (Arabic: جامعة الدول العربية‎, Jāmiʿa ad-Duwal al-ʿArabiyya ), is a regional organization in the Arab world, which is located in Northern Africa, Western Africa, Eastern Africa, and Western Asia. The Arab League was formed in Cairo on 22 March 1945 initially with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (renamed Jordan in 1949), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.[4] Yemen joined as a member on 5 May 1945. Currently, the League has 22 members, but Syria's participation has been suspended since November 2011.[5]

The League's main goal is to "draw closer the relations between member states and co-ordinate collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries".[6]

Through institutions, notably the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (ALECSO) and the Economic and Social Council of its Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU), the League facilitates political, economic, cultural, scientific, and social programmes designed to promote the interests of the Arab world.[7] [8] It has served as a forum for the member states to coordinate policy, arrange studies of and committees as to matters of common concern, settle inter-state disputes and limit conflicts such as the 1958 Lebanon crisis. The League has served as a platform for the drafting and conclusion of many landmark documents promoting economic integration. One example is the Joint Arab Economic Action Charter, which outlines the principles for economic activities in the region.

Arab League of states establishment memorial stamp. Showing flags of the 8 establishing countries: Kingdom of Egypt, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (North Yemen), Syrian Republic, Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Lebanese Republic and Palestine

Each member state has one vote in the Council of the Arab League, and decisions are binding only for those states that have voted for them. The aims of the league in 1945 were to strengthen and coordinate the political, cultural, economic and social programs of its members and to mediate disputes among them or between them and third parties. Furthermore, the signing of an agreement on Joint Defence and Economic Cooperation on 13 April 1950 committed the signatories to coordination of military defence measures. In March 2015, the Arab League General Secretary announced the establishment of a Joint Arab Force with the aim of counteracting extremism and other threats to the Arab States. The decision was reached while Operation Decisive Storm was intensifying in Yemen. Participation in the project is voluntary, and the army intervenes only at the request of one of the member states. Heightened military arsenal in many member states and, in a small minority, civil wars as well as terrorist movements were the impetuts for the JAF, financed by the rich Gulf countries.[9]

In the early 1970s, the Economic Council put forward a proposal to create the Joint Arab Chambers of Commerce across European states. That led, under its decree K1175/D52/G to the setting up of the Arab British Chamber of Commerce, mandated to promote, encourage and facilitate bilateral trade between the Arab world and significant trading partner, the United Kingdom.

History

Following adoption of the Alexandria Protocol in 1944, the Arab League was founded on 22 March 1945. It aimed to be a regional organisation of Arab states with a focus to developing the economy, resolving disputes and coordinating political aims.[10] Other countries later joined the league.[11] Each country was given one vote in the council. The first major action was the joint intervention, allegedly on behalf of the majority Arab population being uprooted as the state of Israel emerged in 1948 (and in response to popular protest in the Arab world), but a major participant in this intervention, Transjordan, had agreed with the Israelis to divide up the Arab Palestinian state proposed by the United Nations General Assembly, and Egypt intervened primarily to prevent its rival in Amman from accomplishing its objective.[12] It was followed by the creation of a mutual defence treaty two years later. A common market was established in 1965.[10] [13]

Geography

Joining dates of member states; the Comoros (circled) joined in 1993.
1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

The Arab League member states cover over 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq mi) and straddles two continents: Africa and Asia. The area largely consists of arid deserts, such as the Sahara. Nevertheless, it also contains several highly fertile lands like the Nile Valley, the Jubba Valley and Shebelle Valley in the Horn of Africa, the Atlas Mountains in the Maghreb, and the Fertile Crescent that stretches over Mesopotamia and the Levant. The area comprises deep forests in southern Arabia and parts of the world's longest river, the Nile.

Membership

The Charter of the Arab League, also known as the Pact of the League of Arab States, is the founding treaty of the Arab League. Adopted in 1945, it stipulates that "the League of Arab States shall be composed of the independent Arab States that have signed this Pact."[14]

Initially, in 1945, there were only six members. Today, the Arab League has 22 members, including three African countries among the largest by area (Sudan, Algeria and Libya) and the largest country in Western Asia (Saudi Arabia).

There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century. As of 2020[update], there are 22 member states:

and 5 observer states (note: the below observer states have been invited to participate during select Arab League sessions, but do not hold voting privileges):

Libya was suspended on 22 February 2011, following the start of the Libyan Civil War.[20] The National Transitional Council, the partially recognised interim government of Libya, sent a representative to be seated at the Arab League meeting on 17 August to participate in a discussion as to whether to readmit Libya to the organisation.[21]

Syria was suspended on 16 November 2011. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave the Syrian National Coalition Syria's seat in the Arab League.[22] On 9 March 2014, secretary general Nabil al-Arabi said that Syria's seat would remain vacant until the opposition completes the formation of its institutions.[23]

Politics and administration

Headquarters of the Arab League, Cairo.

 Recognition of both Israel and Palestinian State

Administrative divisions in the Arab League.

The Arab League is a political organization which tries to help integrate its members economically, and solve conflicts involving member states without asking for foreign assistance. It possesses elements of a state representative parliament while foreign affairs are often conducted under UN supervision.

The Charter of the Arab League[6] endorsed the principle of an Arab homeland while respecting the sovereignty of the individual member states. The internal regulations of the Council of the League[24] and the committees[25] were agreed in October 1951. Those of the Secretariat-General were agreed in May 1953.[26]

Since then, governance of the Arab League has been based on the duality of supra-national institutions and the sovereignty of the member states. Preservation of individual statehood derived its strengths from the natural preference of ruling elites to maintain their power and independence in decision making. Moreover, the fear of the richer that the poorer may share their wealth in the name of Arab nationalism, the feuds among Arab rulers, and the influence of external powers that might oppose Arab unity can be seen as obstacles towards a deeper integration of the league.

Mindful of their previous announcements in support of the Arabs of Palestine the framers of the Pact were determined to include them within the League from its inauguration.[27] This was done by means of an annex that declared:[6]

Even though Palestine was not able to control her own destiny, it was on the basis of the recognition of her independence that the Covenant of the League of Nations determined a system of government for her. Her existence and her independence among the nations can, therefore, no more be questioned de jure than the independence of any of the other Arab States. [...] Therefore, the States signatory to the Pact of the Arab League consider that in view of Palestine's special circumstances, the Council of the League should designate an Arab delegate from Palestine to participate in its work until this country enjoys actual independence

At the Cairo Summit of 1964, the Arab League initiated the creation of an organisation representing the Palestinian people. The first Palestinian National Council convened in East Jerusalem on 29 May 1964. The Palestinian Liberation Organization was founded during this meeting on 2 June 1964. Palestine was shortly admitted in to the Arab League, represented by the PLO. Today, State of Palestine is a full member of the Arab League.

At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative,[28] a Saudi-inspired peace plan for the Arab–Israeli conflict. The initiative offered full normalisation of the relations with Israel. In exchange, Israel was required to withdraw from all occupied territories, including the Golan Heights, to recognise Palestinian independence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a "just solution" for the Palestinian refugees. The Peace Initiative was again endorsed at 2007 in the Riyadh Summit. In July 2007, the Arab League sent a mission, consisting of the Jordanian and Egyptian foreign ministers, to Israel to promote the initiative. Following Venezuela's move to expel Israeli diplomats amid the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Kuwaiti member of parliament Waleed Al-Tabtabaie proposed moving Arab League headquarters to Caracas, Venezuela.[29] On 13 June 2010, Amr Mohammed Moussa, Secretary-General of the Arab League, visited the Gaza Strip, the first visit by an official of the Arab League since Hamas' armed takeover in 2007.

In 2015, the Arab League voiced support for Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[30]

On 15 April 2018, in response to the Turkish invasion of northern Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-backed Syrian Kurds from the enclave of Afrin, the Arab League passed a resolution calling on Turkish forces to withdraw from Afrin.[31]

In September 2019, the Arab League condemned Benjamin Netanyahu's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley.[32]

The Arab League met in Cairo on 12 October 2019 to discuss Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria. Upon meeting, its member states voted to condemn the Turkish offensive, dubbing it both an 'invasion' and an 'aggression' against an Arab state, adding that the organization saw it as a violation of international law.[33]

On 9 September 2020, the Arab League refused to condemn the UAE's decision to normalize ties with Israel. Nevertheless, "The goal all our Arab countries seek, without exception, is to end the occupation and establish an independent Palestinian state on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital," Abul Gheit said.[34]

Summits

No. Date Host Country Host City
1 13–17 January 1964 United Arab Republic Cairo
2 5–11 September 1964 United Arab Republic Alexandria
3 13–17 September 1965 Morocco Casablanca
4 29 August 1967 Sudan Khartoum
5 21–23 December 1969 Morocco Rabat
6 26–28 November 1973 Algeria Algiers
7 29 October 1974 Morocco Rabat
8 25–26 October 1976 Egypt Cairo
9 2–5 November 1978 Iraq Baghdad
10 20–22 November 1979 Tunisia Tunis
11 21–22 November 1980 Jordan Amman
12 6–9 September 1982 Morocco Fes
13 1985 Morocco Casablanca
14 1987 Jordan Amman
15 June 1988 Algeria Algiers
16 1989 Morocco Casablanca
17 1990 Iraq Baghdad
18 1996 Egypt Cairo
19 27–28 March 2001 Jordan Amman
20 27–28 March 2002 Lebanon Beirut
21 1 March 2003 Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh
22 22–23 May 2004 Tunisia Tunis
23 22–23 March 2005 Algeria Algiers
24 28–30 March 2006 Sudan Khartoum
25 27–28 March 2007 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
26 29–30 March 2008 Syria Damascus
27 28–30 March 2009 Qatar Doha
28 27–28 March 2010 Libya Sirte
29 27–29 March 2012 Iraq Baghdad
30 21–27 March 2013 Qatar Doha[35]
31 25–26 March 2014 Kuwait Kuwait City[36]
32 28–29 March 2015 Egypt Sharm El Sheikh[37]
33 20 July 2016 Mauritania Nouakchott
34 23–29 March 2017 Jordan Amman[38]
35 15 April 2018 Saudi Arabia Dhahran
36 31 March 2019 Tunisia Tunis[39]
37 March 2022 Algeria Algiers[40]

Military

The Joint Defence Council of the Arab League is one of the Institutions of the Arab League.[41] It was established under the terms of the Joint Defence and Economic Co-operation Treaty of 1950 to coordinate the joint defence of the Arab League member states.[42]

The Arab League as an organisation has no military Force, similar to the UN, but at the 2007 summit, the Leaders decided to reactivate their joint defence and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.

At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed in principle to form a joint military force.[43]

Emergency summits

No. Date Host Country Host City
1 21–27 September 1970 Egypt Cairo
2 17–28 October 1976 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
3 7–9 September 1985 Morocco Casablanca
4 8–12 November 1987 Jordan Amman
5 7–9 June 1988 Algeria Algiers
6 23–26 June 1989 Morocco Casablanca
7 28–30 March 1990 Iraq Baghdad
8 9–10 August 1990 Egypt Cairo
9 22–23 June 1996 Egypt Cairo
10 21–22 October 2000 Egypt Cairo
11 7 January 2016 Saudi Arabia Riyadh
  • Two summits are not added to the system of Arab League summits:
    • Anshas, Egypt: 28–29 May 1946.
    • Beirut, Lebanon: 13 – 15 November 1958.
  • Summit 14 in Fes, Morocco, occurred in two stages:
    • On 25 November 1981: the 5-hour meeting ended without an agreement on document.
    • On 6–9 September 1982.

Economic resources

The Arab League is rich in resources, such as enormous oil and natural gas resources in certain member states. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications. Within less than a decade, local companies such as Orascom and Etisalat have managed to compete internationally.[ citation needed ]

Economic achievements initiated by the League amongst member states have been less impressive than those achieved by smaller Arab organisations such as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).[44] Among them is the Arab Gas Pipeline, that will transport Egyptian and Iraqi gas to Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. As of 2013, a significant difference in economic conditions exist between the developed oil states of Algeria, Qatar, Kuwait and the UAE, and developing countries like the Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen.

The Arab League also includes great fertile lands in the southern part of Sudan. It is referred to as the food basket of the Arab World, the region's instability including the independence of South Sudan has not affected its tourism industry, that is considered the fastest growing industry in the region, with Egypt, UAE, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Jordan leading the way. Another industry that is growing steadily in the Arab League is telecommunications.

Economical achievements within members have been low in the league's history, other smaller Arab Organizations have achieved more than the league has, such as the GCC, but lately several major economic projects that are promising are to be completed, the Arab Gas Pipeline is to end by the year 2010, Connecting Egyptian and Iraqi Gas to Jordan, Syria and Lebanon, and then to Turkey thus Europe, a free trade Agreement (GAFTA) is to be completed by 1 January 2008, making 95% of all Arab Products tax free of customs.

Transport

The Arab League is divided into five parts when it comes to transport, with the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East being entirely connected by air, sea, roads and railways. Another part of the League is the Nile Valley, made up of Egypt and Sudan. These two member states have started to improve the River Nile's navigation system to improve accessibility and thus foster trading. A new railway system is also set to connect the southern Egyptian city of Abu Simbel with the northern Sudanese city of Wadi Halfa and then to Khartoum and Port Sudan. The third division of the League is the Maghreb, where a 3,000 km stretch of railway runs from the southern cities of Morocco to Tripoli in Western Libya. The fourth division of the League is the Horn of Africa, whose member states include Djibouti and Somalia. These two Arab League states are separated by only ten nautical miles from the Arabian Peninsula by the Bab el Mandeb and this is quickly changing as Tarik bin Laden, the brother of Osama bin Laden, has initiated the construction of the ambitious Bridge of the Horns project, which ultimately aims to connect the Horn of Africa with the Arabian Peninsula via a massive bridge. The project is intended to facilitate and accelerate the already centuries-old trade and commerce between the two regions. The last division of the League is the isolated island of the Comoros located off the coast of East Africa, which is not physically connected to any other Arab state, but still trades with other Arab League members.

Literacy

In collecting literacy data, many countries estimate the number of literate people based on self-reported data. Some use educational attainment data as a proxy, but measures of school attendance or grade completion may differ. Because definitions and data collection methods vary across countries, literacy estimates should be used with caution. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2010. It is also important to note that the Persian Gulf region has had an oil boom, enabling more schools and universities to be set up.

Rank Country Literacy rate
1 Qatar 97.3[45]
2 Palestine 96.5[45]
3 Kuwait 96.3[45]
4 Bahrain 95.7[45]
5 Jordan 95.4[45]
6 Saudi Arabia 94.4[45]
7 Lebanon 93.9[45]
8 United Arab Emirates 93.8[45]
9 Oman 91.1[45]
10 Libya 91[45]
11 Syria 86.4[45]
12 Iraq 85.7[45]
13 Tunisia 81.8[45]
14 Comoros 81.8[45]
15 Algeria 80.2[45]
16 Sudan 75.9[45]
17 Egypt 73.8[45]
18 Yemen 70.1[45]
19 Djibouti 70.0[46]
20 Morocco 68.5[45]
21 Mauritania 52.1[45]
22 Somalia 44–72[47]

Demographics

The Arab League is a culturally and ethnically one association of 22 member states, with the overwhelming majority of the League's population identified as Arab (on a cultural ethnoracial basis). As of 1 July 2013, about 359 million people live in the states of the Arab League. Its population grows faster than in most other global regions. The most populous member state is Egypt, with a population of about 100 million.[48] The least populated is the Comoros, with over 0.6 million inhabitants.

Rank Country Population Density (/km2) Density (sq mi) Notes
1 Egypt 100,075,480 105 272 [49]
2 Algeria 40,400,000 16 41 [50]
3 Iraq 37,202,572 82 212 [51]
4 Morocco 35,740,000 71 184 [50]
5 Sudan 39,578,828 16 41 [52]
6 Saudi Arabia 33,000,000 12 31 [50]
7 Yemen 27,584,213 45 117 [50]
8 Syria* 21,906,000 118 306 [50]
9 Tunisia 11,304,482 65 168 [53]
10 Somalia 11,031,386 18 47 [50]
11 Jordan 10,159,967 71 184 [50]
12 United Arab Emirates 9,269,612 99 256 [54]
13 Libya 6,293,253 3.8 9.8 [50] [55]
14 Lebanon 6,006,668 404 1,046 [50]
15 Palestine 4,550,368 756 1,958 [56]
16 Oman 4,424,762 9.2 24 [50]
17 Mauritania 4,301,018 3.2 8.3 [50]
18 Kuwait 4,052,584 200 518 [50]
19 Qatar 2,641,669 154 399 [50]
20 Bahrain 1,425,171 1,646 4,263 [57]
21 Djibouti 942,333 37 96 [50]
22 Comoros 795,601 309 800 [50]
Total Arab League 412,972,397 30.4 78.7
  • Syrian demographics are before the Syrian civil war.

Religion

The majority of the Arab League's citizens adhere to Islam, with Christianity being the second largest religion. At least 15 million Christians combined live in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Sudan and Syria. In addition, there are smaller but significant numbers of Druze, Yazidis, Shabaks and Mandaeans. Numbers for nonreligious Arabs are generally not available, but research by the Pew Forum suggests around 1% of people in the MENA region are "unaffiliated".[58]

Languages

The official language of the Arab League is Literary Arabic, based on Classical Arabic. However, several Arab League member states have other co-official or national languages, such as Somali, Afar, Comorian, French, English, Berber and Kurdish. In most countries, there is a dominant non-codified spoken Arabic dialect.

Culture

Sports

The Pan Arab Games are considered the biggest Arab sporting event, which brings together athletes from all the Arab countries to participate in a variety of different sports.

The Union of Arab Football Associations organises the Arab Cup (for national teams) and the Arab Club Champions Cup (for clubs). Arab sport federations also exist for several games, include basketball, volleyball, handball, table tennis, tennis, squash and swimming.[ citation needed ]

See also

  • Arab Charter on Human Rights
  • Arab Cold War
  • Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
  • Arab leaders
  • Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict
  • Arab League boycott of Israel
  • Arab Maghreb Union (UMA)
  • Arab Monetary Fund
  • Arab Organization for Industrialization
  • Arab Parliament
  • Arab Union
  • Bloudan Conference of 1937
  • Bloudan Conference of 1946
  • Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
  • Flag of the Arab League
  • General Arab Insurance Federation
  • General Union of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture for Arab Countries
  • Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
  • Inshas
  • International Association of Arabic Dialectology (AIDA)
  • International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions
  • List of conflicts in the Arab League
  • List of country groupings
  • List of largest cities in the Arab world
  • List of multilateral free-trade agreements
  • List of tallest buildings in the Arab League
  • Lists of the Arab League
  • Model Arab League
  • Orange card system – motor insurance scheme of the Arab League
  • Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
  • Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC)
  • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
  • Pan Arab Games
  • Pan-Arabism
  • Summit of South American-Arab Countries
  • United Arab Command
  • Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization

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  52. ^ "الجهاز المركزي للإحصاء". www.cbs.gov.sd.
  53. ^ "National Statistics Institute of Tunisia". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  54. ^ "المركز الوطني للإحصاء: المواطنون 947.9 ألفاً - جريدة الاتحاد". Alittihad.ae. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 16 August 2011.
  55. ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. 7 October 2021.
  56. ^ "Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2016". Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. State of Palestine. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.
  57. ^ Bahraini Census 2010 - تعداد السكــان العام للبحريــن 2010 Archived 20 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Census2010.gov.bh. Retrieved on 2014-04-28.
  58. ^ "Religious Diversity Around The World – Pew Research Center". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 4 April 2014.

External links

  • (in Arabic) The League of Arab States (official site).
  • (in English) League of Arab States Office in Washington D.C. – USA
  • The League of Arab States at Al-Bab.com
  • The Arab League at Council on Foreign Relations
  • Profile: Arab League, BBC News, updated 9 August 2011
  • Arab League at Jewish Virtual Library
  • Arab League Summit 2013 in Qatar (in English)
  • Arab Turk Conference and Expo at Bursa
  • Arab League collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post
  • "Arab League collected news and commentary". The New York Times.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League

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